The Requirements of Resistance Axis Activism in the International Suprapolar Order

Document Type : Research

Authors

national defense university

Abstract

Various actors and networks are affected by the dynamics of the new international order and are forced to change the conditions of their activism in light of these transitional requirements. One of these important actors is the resistance-oriented network, which has counter-hegemonic characteristics and discourse at the regional and international levels. In this regard, the present article seeks to answer the important question of what are the requirements for resistance-oriented activism in light of the new conditions of the international order. Using a descriptive-analytical method and the theories of power pluralism and transformation within the framework of international transition theory, this article has arrived at the hypothesis that the conditions of the international order indicate a type of “complexity, hyperpolarity, and chaos” that has a serious impact on resistance-oriented activism and its orientation. Therefore, given these types of international order conditions, the axis of resistance is bound to adopt the following requirements to enhance its activism: strengthening pragmatism in pursuing interests and goals; paying attention to the principle of separation and distinction in policies and strategies; adapting policies and strategies to regional and international developments; paying attention to the paramount importance of economic and technological power; resolving issues and prioritizing them in a chain process; diversifying geopolitical approaches and relations with emerging powers; strengthening thematic multilateralism at the regional and global levels; and maintaining and enhancing the soft power of resistance.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

Akbari, H. (2009). The phenomenon of resistance, a platform for the exercise of transnational power of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Journal of Defense Policy, (66), 33-51 (In Persian).
Andrew, H. (2022). China’s Emerging Financial Influence at the UN Poses a Challenge to the U. S.. The Henry L. Stimson Center (02/10/2023), at: https://www.stimson.org/2022/ chinas-emerging-financial-influence-at-the-un/
Ayatollah Khamenei. World Order and the Historical Turn; www.khamenei.ir. (In Persian).
Benaim, D., & Sullivan, J. (2020). America’s Opportunity in the Middle East, https://www. foreignaffairs.com/articles/middle-east/2020-05-22/americas-opportunity-middle-east.
Buzan, B. (2010). The United States and the Great Powers. translated by Abdul Majid Heidari, Institute for Strategic Studies Publications (In Persian).
Chan E., & Yang, Z. (2022). China’s Renminbi Internationalization", RSIS Commentary, (135), 33-48.
Cooley, A., Nexon, D., & Ward, S. (2019). Revising order or challenging the balance of military power? An alternative typology of revisionist and status-quo states. Review of International Studies: 1 of 20.
Edward, W., & Simon, M. (2023). The resistance axis and regional order in the Middle East: nomos, space, and normative alternatives. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 51 (5), 954-971. doi: 10.1080/13530194.2023.2179975
Foucault, M. (1985). Naissance de la prison, Editions Gallmard.
Haass Richard, N. (2008). The Age of Nonpolarity, What Will Follow U.S. Dominance, Address: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2008-05-03/age-nonpolarity.
Hyde, A. (2022). China’s Emerging Financial Influence at the UN Poses a Challenge to the U.S., The Henry L. Stimson Center (02/10/2023), at: https://www.stimson.org/2022/chinas-emerging-financial-influence-at-the-un/
John, R. (2017). Multilateralism: the Anatomy of an Institution. International Organization, 46 (3), 561-598
Joseph, S. N. (2017). Will the Liberal Order Survive? The History of an Idea.
Kapstein, E. B., & Mastanduno, M. (1999). Unipolar Politics: Realism and State Strategies After the Cold War. Foreign affairs (Council on Foreign Relations), 79 (2), 36-37. doi: 10.2307/20049663.
Katz, B. (2018). Axis Rising: Iran’s Evolving Regional Strategy & Non-State Partnerships in the Middle East, CSIS BRIEFS, OCTOBER.
Kennedy, P. (1987). The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000, ISBN 0-394-54674-1 – Synopsis.
Khosravi, A., & Asadi, A. A. (2023). International Order and Future Scenarios. Tehran: Strategic Studies Research Institute (In Persian).
Mahmoodi Raja, S. Z., Bagheri Dolat-Abadi, A., Ravesh, B. (2018). Investigating the axis of resistance and the future of the system of domination using the theory of the world system, Islamic Awakening Quarterly, 7 (14), 7-28. (In Persian).
McLean, I. (2002). Oxford Dictionary of Political Science, translated by Hamid Ahmadi, Mizan Publishing, Tehran. (In Persian).
Mearsheimer, J. J. (2010). Bound to Fail: The Rise and Fall of the Liberal International Order. International Security, 43 (4), 77-98.
Mirmohammadi, M. (2023). The Foreign Policy Needs of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the Transition Period of the International Order, Speech at the 13th Pre-Session of the New International Order Conference, Horizon Institute for Strategic Futures Studies, (March 29).
Mohammadi, M. (2013). Islamism: Discourse of Resistance. Quarterly Journal of Historical Sociology, 5 (2), 71-91 (In Persian).
Mousavi Shafaly, M. (2021). International Order, Pillars, Development, Future. Tehran: University Publishing Center (In Persian).
Najafzadeh, F., Heydarpour, M., & Torabi, M. (2021). The role of the Islamic Resistance Front in Iran's public policy-making in confronting unilateral US sanctions. Scientific Quarterly Journal of Sacred Defense Studies, 7 (4), 133-154. (In Persian).
Rauf Shibani, M. R., & Sasanian, S. (2018). Investigating the changes in the axis of resistance (Moh session). Mahnagar, National Security Observatory. Research School of Strategic Studies (In Persian).
Salahi, S. (2016). Areas of confrontation between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the United States in West Asia and its impact on the new international order. Bi-Quarterly Journal of Soft Power Studies, 6 (15), 114-134. (In Persian).
Shapouri, M. (2022). Axis of Resistance, Islamic Republic of Iran and Regional Order. Tehran: Strategic Studies Research Institute (In Persian).
Stronski, P., & Nicole, N. (2018). Ng Cooperaton and competition Russia and China in Central Asia. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
Waltz, K. N. (1979). Theory of International Politics. Massachusetts: Addison Wesley Publishing co.
Wezeman, P. D., Djokic, K., George, M., Hussain, Z., & Wezeman, S. T. (2023). Trend’s in international arms transfers. SIPRI, March.
Zakaria F. (2008). The Post-American World, W.W. Norton & Company.
Zaraan, A. (2023). The influence of geopolitics of resistance on the formation of the new world order, the international conference on the geometry of the new world order. the National Defense University, April 2023 (In Persian).
International Political Economy Studies
Volume 7, Issue 2
December 2025
Pages 27-48

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 18 August 2024
  • Revise Date: 07 October 2024
  • Accept Date: 07 October 2024

Share

How to cite

Statistics