Sanctions and trade: the case of Iran in comparison with selected similar economies of D8 and SCO

Document Type : Research

Authors

1 Faculty Member ITSR

2 university

3 Business Studies and Research Institute

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to study and investigate the impact of smart sanctions on Iran's trade with D8 and SCO member countries in the period 2000 to 2021. This article attempts to analyze and explain the dimensions and aspects of the effects of sanctions on Iran's international macroeconomics with a focus on trade. The methodology of the study is comparative studies, and the results of the study indicate that the sanctions have extensive detrimental dimensions on Iran's international macroeconomics compared to a selection of developing and emerging industrial countries similar to Iran's economy, including members of the Group of 8, so that: (1) It has completely affected key international macroeconomic indicators, including economic size, per capita income, international trade, and foreign investment flows, in comparison to a selection of countries similar to Iran's economy in the long run. (2) Sanctions have caused a shift in trading partners from high-income countries, especially from the developed world centered on the European Union, to neighboring Asian countries centered on China, so that the vulnerability of Iran's trade has become more pronounced in this aspect, so that the country is extremely vulnerable due to the monopoly of trading partners in both agricultural and industrial product groups and the high concentration of partners. (3) Sanctions have severely damaged Iran's competitiveness and its 12 components, centered on the macroeconomic stability component, during the period. (4) Iran's per capita welfare has suffered a significant and noticeable decline in the long term compared to the selected countries, so that now Iran's per capita national income and neighboring countries are on par with Iran's economy.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

آذربایجانی، کریم؛ طیبی، سید کمیل؛ صفادرگیری، حلیمه (1394). اثر تحریم‌های اقتصادی ایالات متحده و اتحادیه اروپا بر تجارت دوجانبه ایران و شرکای تجاری آن: کاربرد مدل جاذبه. تحقیقات اقتصادی، (50)، 539-562. doi: 10.22059/jte. 2015.55800
آقایی، مجید؛ رضاقلی‌زاده، مهدیه؛ محمدرضایی، مجید (1397). بررسی تأثیر تحریم‌های اقتصادی و تجاری بر روابط تجاری ایران و شرکای عمده تجاری. مطالعات راهبردی سیاست‌گذاری عمومی (مطالعات راهبردی جهانی‌شدن)، 8 (28)، 49-68.
امیراحمدیان، بهرام؛ حسینی، میرعبداله (1390). مطالعه جایگاه ژئواکونومی سازمان همکاری شانگهای در جهان. فصلنامه بین‌المللی ژئوپلیتیک، انجمن ژئوپلیتیک ایران، 7 (3)، 101-135.
حسینی، میرعبداله؛ بزرگی، وحید (1381). شرکای منطقه‌ای ایران ‌و امکان تشکیل هسته مرکزی یک هم‌پیوندی‌ منطقه‌ای. پژوهشنامه بازرگانی، مؤسسه مطالعات و پژوهش‌های بازرگانی، 6 (23)، 1-36. SID. https://sid.ir/paper/7281/fa.
حسینی، میرعبداله؛ هومن، تقی (1386). مطالعه ‌تطبیقی شاخص‌های اقتصاد کلان بین‌الملل کشورهای اکو در فرایند منطقه‌گرایی. دانش ‌و توسعه، 14 (20)، 11-42. https://sid.ir/paper/75707/en.
طغیانی، مهدی؛ حسینی، سید عقیل؛ درخشان، مرتضی؛ باستانی‌فر، ایمان؛ حیدری، محمدرضا (1392). اقتصاد تحریم: مبانی نظری و تاریخچه تحریم در جهان و ایران. تهران: نیلوفران.
کازرونی، علیرضا، اصغرپور، حسین، خضری، اوین (1395). بررسی اثر تحریم‌های اقتصادی بر ترکیب شرکای عمده تجاری ایران طی دوره 1371-1392. فصلنامه پژوهشنامه بازرگانی، 20 (79)، 1-34. dor: 20.1001.1.17350794.1395.20.79.1.2
References
Aghaei, M., Reza Gholizadeh, M., & Mohammad Rezaei, M. (2018). Impact of Economic Sanctions on Iran Trade Relations and Their Major Trading Partners. Strategic Studies of Public Policy, 8(28), 49-68. SID. https://sid.ir/paper/229890/en (In Persian).
Amirahmadian, B., & Hosseini, M. A. (2011). Study of Geo-economic Position of Shanghai Cooperation Organization on World Economy, International Quarterly of Geopolitics, 7(23): 101-135, https://journal.iag.ir/article_56911.html?lang=fa (In Persian).
Azarbayejani, K., Tayebi, S, K., & Dargiri, H. S. (2015). The Effect of US and EU Economic Sanctions on Bilateral Trade Flows between Iran and Its Major Trading Partners:An Application of Gravity Model, Economic Research, 50(3), 539-562. doi: 10.22059/jte.2015.55800 (In Persian).
Asian Development Bank (2022). Integration Indicators technical notes, https://aric.adb.org› integration indicators technotes.
Barry, D., & Ronald C. K. (1999). Regionalism, Multilateralism, and the Politics of Global Trade. Vancouver: UBC Press.
Beblawi, H: & Luciani, G (2005). The Rentier State, Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, Londen and New York, 12-13.
Brohmer, J. (2009). State Immunity and the Violatio of Human Rigjts, Boston: Martinus Nijhaff Publishers.
Caruso, R. (2003). The Impact of International Economic Sanctions on Trade: An Empirical Analysis. Peace Science and Public Policy, 9(2), 1-36.
Drezner, D. W. (2003). How Smart are Smart Sanction?
Eyler, R. (2007). Economic Sanction: International Policy and Political Economy at Work, Palgrave Macmillan.
Frank, J. (2017). The Imprical Consequences of Trade Snction for Directly and Indirectly Affected Countries. FIW Working Paper. No.117
Harmsen, R., & Leidy, M. (1994). Regional Trading Arrangements, The Uruguay Round & Beyond, Background Papers II.
Hosseini M. A., & Bozorgi, V. (2002). Iran’s Regional Trade Partners and the feasibility of Establishing an Integrative Economic Core. Iranian Journal of Trade Studies (IJTS) Quarterly. 23(6), 1-36. SID. https://sid.ir/paper/7281/fa. (In Persian)
Hosseini M. A., & Houman T. (2007). A study of the international economy of ECO members countries in the process of integration. Knowledge and Development. 14 (20), 11-42. https://sid.ir/paper/75707/en. (In Persian)
Hufbauer, G. C., Elliott, K. A., Cyrus, T., & Winston, E. (1997). US Economic Sanctions: Their Impact on Trade, Jobs, and Wages, Institute for International Economics, 11(3).
Hufbauer, G. C., Jeffrey J., s., Elliott, K. A., & Oegg, B. (2007). Economic Sanctions Reconsidered, 3rd Edition, Institute for International Economics, Washington DC.
Hufbauer, G. C., & Oegg, B. (2003). The Impact of Economic Sanctions on US Trade: Andrew Rose’s Gravity Model, International Economics Policy Briefs, 15(3-4).
International Monetary Fund (IMF) (1998-2020). Direction of Trade Statistics Year book, Washington: International Monetary Fund Publications. (http://www. IMF.Org)
Kazerooni A., Asgharpour, H., & khezri, A. (2016). The Impact of Economic Sanctions on Composition of Major Trade Partners of Iran (1992-2013), Journal of Trade Studies (JTS) Quarterly, Institute for Trade Studies & Research (ITSR), 20(79): 1-34. dor: 20.1001.1.17350794.1395.20.79.1.2 (In Persian).
Khor, M. (2000). Globalization and the South, Some Critical Issues, Malaysia: TWN.
Kirshner, J. (2015). The Microfoundations of Economic Sanction. Security Study, 6(3), 32-64
Kozhanov, N. A. (2011). U.S. Economic Sanction against Iran: Undermined by External Factors, Middle East Policy Council, 18(3), 144-160.
Melo, J. (1992). The New Regionalism in Trade Policy, The World Bank.
Nossal, K. R. (2012). International Sanction as International Punishment. International Organization. 43(2), 301-322
Park, J. (2014). Land rent Theory Revisited. Science & Society, 78(1), 88-109.
Sheila, P. (2000). Regionalism among Developing Countries, Macmillan Press LTD. Overseas Development Institute. London.
Soamiley Andriamanajara (2001). Preferential Trade Agreements and the Multilateral Trading System, International Economic Review, (Jan.), p. 2.
Toghiani, M., Hosseini, S. A., Derakhshan, M., Bastanifar, I., & Heydari, M. R. (2012). Sanctioning economy: Theoretical Foundations and History of Iran's Sanctions, Tehran: Nilofran (In Persian).
UNCTAD. (1995-2023). Handbook of International Trade and Development Statistics 1994-2022. New York: (UN Publications.) www.UNCTAD.Org
UNCTAD. (2020-22). World Investment Report, FDI/TNC database. Geneva: Union Nation Conference Trade And Development. Retrieved from www.unctad.org/fdistatistics.
Viner, J. (1950). The Customs Union Issue. New York: Carnegie Endow.
World Bank (2001). Trade Blocs: A World Bank Policy Research Report, New York: Oxford University Press.
World Bank (2022). World Development Indicators Database 1998- 2020. WB, www.worldbank.org/Data/…
World Trade Organization (WTO) (2019-22). World Trade Report 2019-22 (htt
International Political Economy Studies
Volume 8, Issue 1 - Serial Number 1
September 2025
Pages 197-216

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 28 December 2024
  • Revise Date: 23 February 2025
  • Accept Date: 02 April 2025

Share

How to cite

Statistics