بازنگری در هزینه و مسئولیت رهبری (بررسی موردی رویکرد انتقادی دونالد ترامپ به ناتو)

نوع مقاله : پژوهشی

نویسنده

دانشیار روابط بین ‏الملل، گروه علوم سیاسی، دانشکده اقتصاد و علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران.

چکیده

در شرایطی که متأثر از فروپاشی سیستم بین ‏‏المللی برتون وودز، عده ‏ای از محققان روابط بین ‏الملل، موافق و عده ‎‏ای دیگر مخالف ایدۀ تضعیف نقش رهبری آمریکا از اوایل دهۀ 1970 هستند، یکی از ملاک ‏‏های اصلی بررسی انگاره افول، گرایش به یکجانبه‏‎ گرایی در سیاست خارجی آمریکا به‌ویژه در تعریف مناسبات واشنگتن با نهادها/ رژیم‌های بین ‏‏المللی و نیز هم‏‌پیمانان خود است. در این میان، رویکرد خاص دولت دونالد ترامپ به رژیم‏ ها و سازوکارهای نهادهای بین‏‎ المللی پس از جنگ جهانی دوم، حاکی از تشدید محسوس روند تجدیدنظرطلبی ایالات متحده در پذیرش ادامه مسئولیت‏ های بین‏ المللی درنقش رهبری جهان است. در این راستا، رویکرد هزینه- فایدۀ دونالد ترامپ (2016-2020) به بازتعریف مناسبات با سازمان‏ های بین ‏المللی و منطقه‎ ای از جمله «ناتو»، در جایگاه اصلی‏‏ ترین، منسجم ‏‏ترین و گسترده ‎‏ترین رژیم امنیتی بین ‏المللی غرب طی هفتاد سال گذشته و ترجیح آشکار منافع ملی آمریکا بر نقش حمایتی از این سازمان، نوعی سنت ‏‎شکنی دولت وی در تعریف مناسبات امنیتی واشنگتن در دو سوی آتلانتیک به شمار می‏ رفت. پرسش اصلی مقاله آن است که ریشۀ رویکرد انتقادی ترامپ به امنیت هم‌‌پیمانان اروپایی ناتو چه بود و چگونه می ‏توان این رویکرد را به‌مثابه یکی از نشانه‏‏ های اصلی تضعیف نقش رهبری ایالات متحده آمریکا، قلمداد کرد؟ فرضیۀ اصلی آن است که سرباز زدن ترامپ از فراهم‏‌سازی امنیتِ کم ‏هزینه، به‌عنوان یک کالای عمومی بین ‏المللی، برای متحدان ناتو، یکی از اصلی ‏‏ترین ملاک‏‌های افول نقش رهبری آمریکا درخور تحلیل بوده است.

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