تحریم‌های ثانویه آمریکا و راهبرد خروج شرکت‌های اروپایی از ایران

نوع مقاله : پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دکتری مطالعات منطقه ای - دانشگاه تهران- دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی

2 استادیار گروه مطالعات منطقه ای دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران

چکیده

ایالات متحده با استفاده از مرکزیت دلار در سیستم مالی بین‌المللی، به‌طور فزاینده‌ای از تحریم‌ها به‌عنوان مهم‌ترین ابزار برای تحت فشار قرار دادن و تغییر رفتار دولت‌ها استفاده می‌کند. «تحریم‌های ثانویه» بر شرکت‌ها، بانک‌ها و افراد ثالث خارجی اعمال و آن‌ها را مجبور به انتخاب بین تجارت با اهداف تحریمی ایالات متحده و عدم دسترسی به بازار بزرگ ایالات متحده و یا همراهی با تحریم‌های این کشور می‌کند. 68 درصد تحریم‌های ثانویه در قالب فهرست «اس. دی. ان.» وزارت خزانه‌داری ایالات متحده تا سال 2022 علیه ایران بوده است. سؤال پژوهش این است که چرا باجود اعمال سازوکارهای متعدد از سوی اتحادیه اروپا برای کاهش تأثیرات فراسرزمینی تحریم‌های ثانویه، شرکت‌های اروپایی از دستورالعمل‌های تحریمی ایالات متحده پیروی کردند. فرضیه پژوهش این است که دو مؤلفه «ترجیحات شرکت‌های اروپایی مبتنی بر رویکرد عقلانی هزینه - فایده و دفع ریسک در چارچوب وابستگی متقابل (نامتقارن) فراآتلانتیک» و «فقدان پیوند اقتصادی و تجاری میان ایران و اتحادیه اروپا»، الگوی رفتاری شرکت‌های اروپایی در خروج از ایران را شکل داد. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که حجم عظیم وابستگی‌های اقتصادی فراآتلانتیک و حساسیت و آسیب‌پذیری نسبت به تغییرات در آن و اهرم‌های برتری ایالات متحده در وابستگی متقابل منجر به تأثیرگذاری بالای تحریم‌های ثانویه بر شرکت‌های اروپایی و اتخاذ راهبرد دفع ریسک و محاسبه هزینه – فایده در ارتباط با ایران شده است. روش پژوهش مبتنی بر روش‌شناسی کیفی از نوع مطالعه موردی است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


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